![]() The conventional standard-of-care amputation paradigm permanently disrupts the anatomical and neuromechanical principles of AMS, resulting in perturbed proprioception in people living with limb loss. The realization of such an architecture in a person with biologically intact limbs is implemented by mechanically-coupled antagonistic muscles spanning an articular joint that enables afferent signaling from the mechanoreceptors corresponding to limb movements through agonist-antagonist muscle strain (AMS). Proprioceptive neural signaling relies on both microscale mechanotransduction processes 4, and macroscale biomechanically-functional tissue architectures 1. Among these sensory organs, proprioception is primarily mediated by mechanoreceptors called muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs which sense muscle length, speed, and tension 3. Proprioception is possible due to the presence of sensory organs within peripheral tissues including muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and skin 1, 2. The results suggest that agonist-antagonist muscle strain is a characteristic, readily ascertainable residual limb structural feature that can help explain variability in amputation outcome, and agonist-antagonist muscle strain preserving surgical amputation strategies are one way to enable more effective and biomimetic sensorimotor control postamputation. Identified trends indicate that preserving even 20–26% of agonist-antagonist muscle strain within the residuum compared to a biologically intact limb is effective in preserving natural motor control postamputation, though preserving limb perception capacity requires more (61%) agonist-antagonist muscle strain preservation. Here, we show significant positive correlations ( P < 0.005–0.05) between sensorimotor responses and residual limb agonist-antagonist muscle strain. Muscle synergy extraction, degree of agonist-antagonist muscle strain, and perception capacity are estimated from electromyography, ultrasonography, and goniometry, respectively. Here, we assess the naturalness of phantom joint motor control postamputation based on extracted muscle synergies and their activation profiles. Research has shown that varied motor control in biologically intact limbs is executed by the activation of muscle synergies. Methodsįourteen persons with unilateral transtibial amputations spanning a range of ages, etiologies, and surgical procedures underwent evaluations involving free-space mirrored motions of their lower limbs. In this study, relationships between preserved agonist-antagonist muscle strain within the residual limb and preserved motor control and perception capacity are investigated. Elucidating underlying mechanisms in subject-specific motor control and perception after amputation could guide development of advanced surgical and neuroprosthetic technologies.
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